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In recent years, the incidence of single-gene nephrolithiasis has been increasing year by year. With the application of whole-genome analysis and whole-exome sequencing technology, the etiology of single-gene mutations leading to the development of urinary calculi has been extensively verified. Therefore, this article reviews the research on urinary calculi-related genetic diseases at home and abroad, and introduces transport proteins and channels; ions, protons and amino acids. The role of urinary calculi in the majority of clinicians realizes the significance of genetic testing in such diseases, thereby increasing the understanding of genetically related urinary calculi and improving the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Objective@#Explore the function and regulatory mechanism of Annexin A1 (ANXA1) in bladder cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration.@*Methods@#From February 2018 to June 2019, we use T24 cells as the model and divide it into over-expression control group (ctrl), ANXA1 over-expression group (ANXA1), knockdown control group (shctrl), ANXA1 knockdown group 1 (shANXA1-1), ANXA1 knockdown group 2 (shANXA1-2) and ANXA1 knockdown group 3 (shANXA1-3). 24 hours after the culture, the cells were collected and the mRNA expression level of ANXA1 was detected by Real-Time quantitative PCR. The cell activity was detected by CCK-8; the cell apoptosis and cycle were detected by flow cytometry. The cell migration was detected by Transwell assay.@*Results@#The Real-Time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of ANXA1 in the over expression group was significantly higher than that in the over expression control group (15 369.00±874.20 and 1.00±0.07, P<0.001). The expression of ANXA1 in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly lower than that in the knockdown control group (0.51±0.04, 0.51±0.02 and 1.00±0.04, P<0.001). Compared with the over expression control group(1.61±0.01), the cell activity of the over expression group(2.04±0.02)was significantly increased (P<0.001), while the activity of the knockdown group 2 and 3 (1.40±0.002 and 1.31±0.003)were significantly decreased than the knockdown ctrl group (1.73±0.01)(P<0.001). The results of flow cytometry showed that the number of G0/G1 cells in the over-expression group was significantly lower than that in the over-expression control group (28.14±0.33 and 46.19±0.73, P<0.001), while that in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in the knockdown control group (58.670±0.49, 62.34±4.01 and 45.59± 0.19, P<0.001 and P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of apoptosis between the over-expression group and the over-expression control group (P>0.05), while the number of apoptosis in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in the knockdown control group (13.04%, 14.58% and 7.76%, P<0.001). Cell function analysis showed that the number of cells passing through the membrane of the over expression group was significantly higher than that of the over expression group (525.00±9.30 and 385.70±13.40, P<0.01), while that of the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly lower than that of the knockdown control group (214.70±6.40, 226.00±5.30 and 398.70±10.00, P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#Over-expression of ANXA1 significantly promoted the proliferation, cycle and migration of T24 cells and inhibited apoptosis. On the contrary, ANXA1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, cycle and migration of T24 cells and promoted apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective Explore the function and regulatory mechanism of Annexin A1 (ANXA1) in bladder cancer cell proliferation,apoptosis and migration.Methods From February 2018 to June 2019,we use T24 cells as the model and divide it into over-expression control group (ctrl),ANXA1 over-expression group (ANXA1),knockdown control group (shctrl),ANXA1 knockdown group 1 (shANXA1-1),ANXA1 knockdown group 2 (shANXA1-2) and ANXA1 knockdown group 3 (shANXA1-3).24 hours after the culture,the cells were collected and the mRNA expression level of ANXA1 was detected by Real-Time quantitative PCR.The cell activity was detected by CCK-8;the cell apoptosis and cycle were detected by flow cytometry.The cell migration was detected by Transwell assay.Results The Real-Time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of ANXA1 in the over expression group was significantly higher than that in the over expression control group (15 369.00 ± 874.20 and 1.00 ± 0.07,P ＜ 0.001).The expression of ANXA1 in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly lower than that in the knockdown control group (0.51 ± 0.04,0.51 ± 0.02 and 1.00 ± 0.04,P ＜ 0.001).Compared with the over expression control group (1.61 ± 0.01),the cell activity of the over expression group(2.04 ± 0.02) was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.001),while the activity of the knockdown group 2 and 3 (1.40 ± 0.002 and 1.31 ± 0.003) were significantly decreased than the knockdown ctrl group (1.73 ± 0.01) (P ＜ 0.001).The results of flow cytometry showed that the number of G0/G1 cells in the over-expression group was significantly lower than that in the over-expression control group (28.14 ± 0.33 and 46.19 ± 0.73,P ＜ 0.001),while that in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in the knockdown control group (58.670 ± 0.49,62.34 ± 4.01 and 45.59 ± 0.19,P ＜ 0.001 and P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the number of apoptosis between the over-expression group and the over-expression control group (P ＞ 0.05),while the number of apoptosis in the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that in the knockdown control group (13.04％,14.58％ and 7.76％,P ＜ 0.001).Cell function analysis showed that the number of cells passing through the membrane of the over expression group was significantly higher than that of the over expression group (525.00 ± 9.30 and 385.70 ± 13.40,P ＜ 0.01),while that of the knockdown group 2 and 3 were significantly lower than that of the knockdown control group (214.70 ± 6.40,226.00 ± 5.30 and 398.70 ± 10.00,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Over-expression of ANXA1 significantly promoted the proliferation,cycle and migration of T24 cells and inhibited apoptosis.On the contrary,ANXA1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation,cycle and migration of T24 cells and promoted apoptosis.
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L-arginine (L-Arg) is an alkaline amino acid that possesses various function groups and acts as an important precursor for useful chemical synthesis. L-Arg derivatives are widely applied in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Environment friendly and cost-effective production of L-Arg derivatives by enzymatic catalysis provides significant advantages over chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. In this article, several typical L-Arg derivatives and their enzymatic production processes are highlighted. Furthermore, prospect is also addressed about enzymatic production of L-Arg derivatives.